| |||||||
| Feeling Fruity Fruit trees, bushes and vines in the spotlight |
 |
| | LinkBack | Thread Tools | Display Modes |
17-12-2009, 05:30 PM
| ||||
| ||||
 Apple Variety Information - Re-posted The information is from my apples, or trees belonging to people I know. It may not apply to all parts of the country and there is a chance that I have the wrong variety, or made an error. V.Res = very resistant. Res = resistant. Sl.Res = slightly resistant. Int = intermediate; sometimes Sl.Res and sometimes Sl.Sus. Sl.Sus = slightly susceptible. Sus = susceptible. V.Sus = very susceptible. Resistance to scab increases as leaves and fruit mature. Some varieties have different levels of scab on fruits, compared to leaves; some varieties have two entries for scab resistance. V.Lg = very large Lg = large Sl.Lg = slightly large Med = medium Sl.Sm = slightly small Sm = small V.Sm = very small Alphabet order Annie Elizabeth Tree size Sl.Lg, upright Canker Res Scab Res Mildew Sl.Res Pests Res Flowering late Cropping good Flavour good Winter-spring multi-purpose Risk of fruit blowing off in wind. Ard Cairn Russet Tree size Sl.Lg, upright Canker Int Scab Res Mildew Int Pests Sl.Sus Flowering Mid Flavour good, very sweet Autum eater Ashmead’s Kernel Tree size Sl.Lg Canker Int Fruit scab Res Leaf scab Int Mildew V.Res Pests Sl.Res Flowering late Cropping average Flavour good Winter-spring eater Risk of bitter pit Beauty of Bath Tree size Sl.Lg Canker Int Scab Res Mildew Int Pests Sus Flowering early - part tip-bearing Cropping average Flavour average Summer eater Risk of fruit dropping before ripe Belle De Boskoop Tree size Lg, with thick branches that don't grow straight. Readily forms side branches. Canker Res Scab Res Mildew Int Pests Sl.Res Flowering early, TRIPLOID Cropping average Flavour average Blenheim Orange Tree size V.Lg, with strong branches. Does not form side branches easily. Canker Int Scab Sl.Res Mildew V.Res Pests Sl.Res Flowering mid, part tip-bearing, TRIPLOID Cropping average Flavour average Autumn-winter dual purpose Bountiful Tree size Sl.Sm Canker Sl.Res Scab Sl.Res Mildew V.Res Pests Sl.Res Flowering early Cropping good Flavour average Autumn-winter dual-purpose Bramley (Bramley "Clone 20" is very similar but size Lg instead of V.Lg) Tree size V.Lg - thick & strong branches. Does not form side branches easily. Canker Res Scab Sl.Res Mildew V.Res Pests Sl.Res Flowering mid, part tip-bearing. TRIPLOID Cropping average Flavour good but very acidic Winter-spring cooker Risk of bitter pit Brownlees Russet Tree size Sm, upright Canker Res Fruit scab Res Leaf scab Int Mildew V.Res Pests Sl.Res Flowering early Cropping average Flavour good Winter-spring eater Cockle Pippin Tree size Sm, upright Canker Res Fruit scab Res Leaf scab Int Mildew V.Res Pests Sl.Res Flowering mid Cropping average Flavour good Winter-spring eater Court Pendu Plat Tree size V.Sm, upright Canker Sl.Res Fruit scab Res Leaf scab Sus Mildew V.res Pests Sl.Res Flowering very late Cropping average Flavour good Winter-spring eater Cox's Orange Pippin Tree size Sl.Sm (often stunted by diseases) Canker Sus Scab Sl.Sus Mildew Sl.Sus Pests Int Flowering mid Cropping poor Flavour good Autumn-winter eater Risk of bitter pit Crawley Beauty Tree size Sm, spreading Canker Res Scab V.Res Mildew V.Res Pests V.Res Flowering very very late Cropping good Flavour average Winter-spring dual purpose D’Arcy Spice Tree size V.Sm, upright Canker Int Fruit scab Res Leaf scab Sus Mildew V.Res Pests V.Res Flowering mid, part tip-bearing Cropping average Flavour good Winter-spring eater Discovery Tree size Sl.Sm Canker Sl.Res Scab Res Mildew V.Res Pests Sus Flowering early, part tip-bearing Cropping average Flavour good Summer eater Edward VII Tree size Med, upright Canker Int Scab Res Mildew Sl.Res Pests Sl.Res Flowering very late Cropping average Flavour good Winter-spring multi-purpose Egremont Russet Tree size Sm, upright Canker V.Res Fruit scab Res Leaf scab Sus Mildew V.Res Pests V.Res Flowering early Cropping good Flavour good, quite sweet Autumn-winter eater Risk of bitter pit Ellison’s Orange / Red Ellison Tree size Med, upright Canker V.Sus Scab Res Mildew V.Res Pests V.Sus Flowering mid Cropping good, quite sweet Flavour good Autumn eater Empire Tree size Med Canker Sl.Sus Scab Int Mildew Sus Pests Res Flowering mid Cropping good Flavour average Winter eater Falstaff / Red Falstaff Tree size Sl.Sm Canker Int Scab Res Mildew Res Pests Int Flowering early Cropping good Flavour average Autumn-winter eater Fiesta (Red Pippin) Tree size Sm, spreading Canker Sl.Sus Scab Sl.Res Mildew V.Res Pests Sl.Res Flowering mid Cropping good Flavour average Winter-spring eater Gala Tree size Sl.Sm Canker Sus Scab Sl.Sus Mildew Res Pests Int Flowering mid Cropping good Flavour average, sweet Autumn-winter eater Golden Delicious Tree size Sl.Lg, spreading Canker Sl.Res Fruit scab Sl.Res Leaf scab V.Sus Mildew V.Res Pests Res Flowering mid Cropping good Flavour average, sweet Winter-spring eater Golden Russet Tree size Lg Canker Sl.Res Fruit scab Res Leaf scab Int Mildew V.Res Pests V.Res Flowering early Cropping average Flavour good Winter-spring eater Grenadier Tree size Sm Canker V.Res Scab V.Res Mildew V.Res Pests Sl.Sus Flowering early and mid (long flowering) Cropping good Flavour good Summer cooker Howgate Wonder Tree size Lg Canker Sl.Res Scab Sl.Res Mildew V.Res Pests Sl.Res Flowering mid Cropping good Flavour average Winter-spring multi purpose Irish Peach Tree size Sl.Lg Canker Int Scab Int Mildew Int Pests Sl.Sus Flowering very early - tip bearer Cropping good Flavour good Summer eater Resistant to woolly aphid James Grieve Tree size Med, spreading Canker Sus Scab Sl.Res Mildew V.Res Pests Int Flowering early and mid (long flowering) Cropping good Flavour average Summer-autumn multi purpose Jumbo Tree size Lg, nicely branched Canker Sl.Res Scab Res Mildew Int Pests Sl.Res Flowering mid, TRIPLOID Cropping average Flavour average Autumn-Winter dual-purpose Jupiter Tree size Lg Canker Int Scab Res Mildew Res Pests Res Flowering mid, TRIPLOID Cropping average Flavour good Winter eater Risk of bitter pit Kidd's Orange-Red Tree size Med Canker V.Sus Scab Res Mildew Res Pests Int Flowering mid Cropping good Flavour good Winter eater Laxton’s Superb Tree size Lg, many long thin branches Canker Res Fruit scab Sus Leaf scab Sl.Res Mildew V.Res Pests Int Flowering mid Cropping average Flavour good, sweet Winter-spring eater Lord Lambourne Tree size Sl.Sm Canker Int Scab Int Mildew V.Res Pests Sl.Sus Flowering early Cropping average Flavour average Autumn eater Liberty Tree size Sl.Lg Canker Sl.Sus Scab V.Res Mildew Sl.Res Pests Res Flowering mid Cropping good Flavour average, sweet Winter-spring eater Meridian Tree size Sl.Sm Canker Int Scab Sl.Res Mildew V.Res Pests Int Flowering early and mid (long flowering) Cropping good Flavour average, quite sweet Autumn eater Merton Russet Tree size: Lg Canker Res Scab Res Mildew Int Pests Sl.Res Flowering Early Cropping good Flavour average Spring eater Norfolk Beefing Tree size Lg Canker Res Scab Res Mildew Int Pests Res Flowering mid-season, part tip bearing Cropping average Flavour good Winter-spring cooker Pinova Tree size Sm Canker Int Scab Res Mildew Res Pests Sus Flowering early, mid and late (long flowering), part tip bearing Cropping good Flavour poor, savoury Autumn-winter eater Red Devil Tree size Sl.Sm Canker Sl.Res Scab Res Mildew V.Res Pests Sl.Res Flowering early Cropping average Flavour average Autumn eater Reverend Wilks Tree size V.Sm Canker Res Scab Res Mildew V.Res Pests Sl.Sus Flowering early Cropping average Flavour good Summer-autumn cooker Rosemary Russet Tree size Sl.Sm, upright Canker Int Fruit scab Res Leaf scab Int Mildew Sl.Res Pests Sl.Res Flowering mid Cropping average Flavour good Winter-spring eater Saturn Tree size Sl.Sm Canker Int Scab V.Res Mildew V.Res Pests Int Flowering mid Cropping good Flavour average, sweet Autumn-winter eater Scrumptious Tree size Sm Canker Int Fruit scab Sl.Res Leaf scab Sus Mildew V.Res Pests V.Sus Flowering early Cropping average, sweet Flavour good Summer-autumn eater Spartan Tree size Med, upright Canker Int Scab Res Mildew V.Res Pests V.Res Flowering mid Cropping good Flavour average, sweet Autumn-winter eater Suntan Tree size Lg, spreading, with thick & strong branches Canker Int Fruit scab Res Leaf scab Sl.Res Mildew Res Pests Sl.Res Flowering late, TRIPLOID Cropping average Flavour good Winter-spring eater Risk of bitter pit Tydeman's Early Worcester Tree size Med, spreading Canker Int Scab Res Mildew Res Pests Int Flowering mid Cropping good Flavour good Late summer eater Tydeman’s Late Orange Tree size Lg, many long thin branches Canker Sl.Res Fruit scab Res Leaf scab Sl.Sus Mildew V.Res Pests Sl.Res Flowering mid Cropping good Flavour average Winter-spring eater Winston Tree size Sl.Sm Canker Res Scab Res Mildew Sl.Res Pests Sl.Res Flowering late, part tip-bearing Cropping good Flavour average Winter-spring eater Winter Gem Tree size Lg, upright Canker Sl.Res Scab Res Mildew Res Pests Int Flowering mid Cropping average Flavour average Winter eater Worcester Pearmain Tree size Sl.Sm Canker Int Scab Sl.Res Mildew V.Res Pests Sl.Sus Flowering mid-season, part tip bearing Cropping good Flavour average, sweet Autumn eater Last edited by FB.; 26-02-2010 at 09:18 PM.      |
|
17-12-2009, 05:53 PM
| ||||
| ||||
| What is scab? Caused by prolonged rainfall, especially early in the growing season. Brownish spots on leaves and fruit. The apple skin may eventually may split and the apples will rot on the tree. Severe scab can cause blistering of young stems, which allows canker to enter. Badly scabbed leaves will be tatty and fall early. Vigour can be affected if too much leaf damage. The Western half of the UK will suffer worst from scab - and scab resistance would be highly desirable in those areas. What is canker? Caused by wetness. Sunken, wrinkly, dark red-brown patches on the bark. Cankers eat into the wood and cut off the sap supply, causing death of twigs, branches, or even the tree, if the trunk becomes badly cankered. Trees can become ugly as a result of canker damage and the need to prune-out large cankers before they cause further damage. The Western half of the UK will suffer worst from canker - and canker resistance would be highly desirable in those areas. What is mildew? White powder-like coating on leaves. Can cause brown surface scarring on the fruit skin. The fungus hibernates in next years buds when the tree goes dormant for the winter. When the affacted buds open, the shoots are weak and distorted. Mildewed flowers are often deformed and don't turn into fruits. Mildewed leaves will eventually shrivel and die. Tree vigour can suffer badly. The Eastern half of the UK will suffer worst from mildew - and mildew resistance would be useful in those areas, particularly on some of the shallow, dry, sandy soils in some low-rainfall parts of East Anglia. What are pests? A variety of bugs that attack the fruit. Most annoying are the maggots that tunnel inside the apple and eat the core; codling and sawfly. Earwigs will sometimes chew into the apple, or may enter through the bottom and feed on the core. Capsid bugs cause brown cork-like bumps on the skin. Wasps will often attack the summer and autumn apples just as they're ripening. Wasp-damaged apples are usually badly damaged in a short space of time. I leave a few damaged fruits on the tree for a few days (but not long enough for the fruits to rot), to attract the wasps away from undamaged fruits. Slugs and snails will sometimes climb into the tree and try to eat the apples. Whether they're able to bite into the surface, or whether they eat from where other pests have been, I don't know. Capsid-damaged apples often develop normally, but apples dmaged by maggots (with the core eaten away) will usually drop before they're ripe. Apples with major pest damage to the surface will quickly rot. Pest damage is generally worse with: Mid-season (September) ripening apples. Large-fruited varieties. Sweet/eating varieties. Crowded fruits. Crowded/tangled branches. Resistance notes: Resistant doesn't mean free from damage - it means usually not enough to be serious. Slightly resistant is often enough, but can be overwhelmed in very bad years and small but not serious amounts of disease might be found quite often. Intermediate means the problem is variable; some areas and some years worse than others. Susceptible means damaging amounts of the problem in many seasons (depending on local climate). A single apple tree is more likely to suffer pest attack because the pests (capsid bug, earwig, maggot) don't have a choice of what to eat. Growing more than one type of apple tends to result in the pests attacking their favourite, which takes pressure off the others. Flowering notes: Ideally, plant two different varieties that flower at the same time, although apple trees (including crab apples) are common enough in most areas that pollinators may be just a few gardens or hedgerows away. Some varieties are self-fertile, but better quantities and better quality fruit is achieved from cross-pollination. Partial pollination will occur between adjacent flowering groups. Triploids are not good for pollinating other varieties. Flowering time can be affected by rootstock (see below). Some varieties have very poor pollination with their parents or relatives. Long-flowering varieties can make good pollinators and often open only a few flowers at one time, so frost damage is not such a problem. Flavour notes: Some people like sharp apples, some like sweet, some like a sweet-sharp and some like fruity flavours. Note that while many varieties pick in the autumn (Sept-Oct), some varieties taste better if you store them for a few weeks - such as those listed as "winter" or "spring" usage. Some of the russet family (Brownlees Russet, D'Arcy Spice) often taste at their best in the following spring. They keep very well and the inner flesh remains healthy, although sometimes slightly rubbery. Rootstocks: M27: very small - 4ft For patio pots or very good soil. Does not survive in dry soil, drought, or competition from weeds. Suitable for small to medium bushes of the larger varieties on reasonably good soils (e.g. Bramley, Blenheim, Laxton Superb to name a few). Susceptible to woolly aphid. M9: Small - 6ft Brittle roots - may be uprooted in storms. More suited to heavy soil. May die in dry soil or drought. Drops leaves earlier than other rootstocks. Fruit is often larger, more coloured, and often ripens a week or two earlier than on other rootstocks. Reduces risk of bitter pit. Susceptible to woolly aphid. Quite prone to sprouting "suckers" from the rootstock. Good for small bushes and cordons, but not for poor soil unless grafted with a vigorous variety. M26: slightly small - 8ft Often causes tree to flower slightly earlier (i.e. "late" becomes "mid-late"). Might improve scab resistance. Slightly susceptible to woolly aphid. Can be used for patio pots if the apple variety is small in vigour, or can be used for medium vigour varieties if summer pruned. Good for medium bushes and cordons. Not vigorous enough and not well-enough anchored to grow as full-size tree. MM106: medium - 10ft Causes trees to flower earlier (i.e. "late" becomes "mid"). Might improve mildew resistance. Reasonably resistant to woolly aphid. Improves canker resistance. Fruit may ripen slightly later and may be slightly smaller. Holds it's leaves until quite late in the season - potential for damage by early hard frosts. Can be used for patio pots if grafted with the small varieties. Ideal for bushes or small trees. Good for fan/espalier or cordons on poor soil. Can be used for half-standards on good soil, or if grafted with a vigorous variety. MM111 large - 13ft May cause trees to flower slightly earlier (as MM106), but is less predictable. Probably the hardiest of the common rootstocks. Drops leaves reasonably early, so ideal for early frosts. Excellent for poor and dry soil; capable of growing a wide-spreading root system. Often improves mildew resistance. Reasonably resistant to woolly aphid. Improves canker resistance. Worsens risk of bitter pit. Fruit quality may be slightly inferior. Best for growing as a large bush, large fan/espalier or medium-large tree. Can be used to boost vigour of slow-growing varieties. Can be used for half standards or standards. M25: very large - 16ft Slightly susceptible to woolly aphid. Not as tolerant of dry soils as MM111. Holds it's leaves until quite late in the season - potential for damage by early hard frosts. Best as a medium to large tree, although can be useful to boost vigour of slow-growing varieties or for bushes in very poor soil. Can be used for half standards or standards. Seedling: medium to very large (quite variable, depending on seed source). Mostly used for standards. Disease resistance, cropping and other performance features can be variable. . Soil quality and moisture make a big difference. In poor growing conditions, perhaps only MM111 or M25 will be capable of acceptable growth rate. Northern areas have shorter, less sunny and cooler growing seasons, which can reduce the tree size. A common misinformation is that rootstock is all that matters for tree size. In fact, rootstock size and variety size tend to reach a compromise and average-out their sizes. Therefore, a Bramley on M26 will grow larger and faster than Cox on M26. A "small" variety of apple on a "large" rootstock often becomes a "medium" tree, as does a "large" variety of apple when grafted on a "small" rootstock. If buying a selection of apple trees of different varieties, consider a variety of rootstocks to equalise their growth rate. For example, you might want Bramley (V large), Spartan (medium) and D'Arcy Spice (V small). By growing the Bramley on M26, Spartan on MM106 and D'Arcy Spice on MM111, the trees should grow at a more equal rate than if they were all on MM106 rootstock. When mixing rootstock types (e.g. M9 and MM106), consider whether MM106's tendency to flower earlier will spoil your pollination partners. Also consider whether certain rootstocks can improve or spoil the fruit quality (e.g. MM111 and bitter-pit-prone varieties may cause problems), or whether the rootstock can help a tree deal with a problem (e.g. MM111 helps reduce canker by deterring woolly aphid attack). Mature size means about age 10-15 years. However, trees will usually continue to grow slowly until they die, so can attain a much larger size by the age of 50. Proper pruning should be able to keep them restrained in size, productive and healthy. For simplicity, it is reasonable to assume that a "small" variety on a "large" rootstock (or a "large variety on a "small" rootstock) would average-out as "medium" and reach about the same size as an average tree on MM106 - probably 10ft in average conditions. The size of the tree can be considerably affected by the amount and type of pruning and soil quality/water. With proper pruning, it is possible to keep a tree at about half the "mature" size that the above rootstocks would reach. . Last edited by FB.; 27-01-2010 at 12:55 AM. |
|
17-12-2009, 06:54 PM
| ||||
| ||||
| Wow FB. If you were connected to my old Uni you would be given an Honorary Ph.D. for this. Great information and a lot of it. I'm sure a lot of grapes will find this very useful (if they find it at all.)   Bet you somebody asks a question which is covered here within the month. 
__________________ Why didn't Noah just swat those 2 greenflies?  |
|
27-01-2010, 12:12 AM
| ||||
| ||||
| Some adjustments, clarifications and expansions. Back up to page one for the late-comers in the bare-root crowd. Better get moving - only several weeks remain for the bare-root season and the best varieties may no longer be available. Also time to start thinking about grafting your own if you fancy the cheaper option. I did a few grafts today - to get some practice for doing my main grafting batch in coming weeks. A stanley knife and some electricians tape does fine for me. Last edited by FB.; 27-01-2010 at 12:14 AM. |
|
27-01-2010, 02:00 PM
| |||
| |||
| I read a post a couple of weeks ago that rootstocks for DIY grafting can be bought on their own, where would you get some? I haven't seen them advertised on nursery websites. |
|
27-01-2010, 02:24 PM
| ||||
| ||||
| Rootstocks can definitely be found here: > Blackmoor < Also, you can try a ring-round of various nurseries and see if they have any. Now is the time of year to think about grafting, so the nurseries will be preparing themselves for grafting the trees that they'll sell in a year or two's time. If you're on a very tight budget, then plant some apple pips in the garden and in a year or two, graft them with twigs taken from an apple tree in your local area. I just grafted some of my "reject" seedlings (i.e. the seedlings that were very prone to disease), to get some practice for grafting some onto proper roottstocks in the next few weeks. Last edited by FB.; 27-01-2010 at 02:28 PM. |
|
28-01-2010, 12:31 AM
| ||||
| ||||
| More rootstocks for grafting your own shown here: > Eden Nurseries < |
|
03-02-2010, 11:06 PM
| ||||
| ||||
| Regarding pest and disease resistance...... You are far more likely to have success if you choose a selection of different and unrelated apple varieties. Most varieties have at least partial resistance to certain diseases. By growing all of the same variety (e.g. 10 trees of Golden Delicious), the diseases gradually adapt to specialise in attacking Golden Delicious (if the disease didn't adapt, it would become extinct). In fact, the disease may become so specialised that it can't attack anything else, but will devastate your chosen variety. This is what cripples commercial orchards, with hundreds or thousands of trees of the same type; when one gets a disease, it rapidly spreads to al the others of the same type and leaving a large number of spores ready for infection to quickly re-establish the following season. But if you had several varieties, from different "blood lines" (maybe "sap lines"? ), the variety of genetics will make it much harder for diseases to attack because the disease can't optimise itself to attack all varieties.If you are aware of a comercial orchard nearby, DON'T grow the same varieties as they're growing because the diseases will drift in the wind. An additional benefit of different varieties is that the pests (aphids, maggots etc) often prefer certain types over others. You can use this to your advantage because you know where to look for the pests. For example; I grow a small Scrumptious and Ellison's Orange to draw the maggots away from my other apples - a kind of "companion planting". It works very well; fruit (maggot) damage to those two is often severe, but my other varieties are almost untouched. As a generalisation (these are not absolute rules - just a guide!)... Pests like crowded fruits (perhaps more visible and gives off more scent which attracts pests?) - consider thinning bunches of fruit. Pests like larger fruits (perhaps more visible and gives off more scent?). Pests like sweet/aromatic eating apples more than cooking apples. Pests like early-September-ripening apples, mainly due to high pest numbers late in the summer, as the fruit are ripening. Pests like thin-skinned apples more than thick-skinned apples (easier for pests to chew into, easier for maggots to get through skin, possibly more scent escapes through thin skin). Pests tend to congregate around already-damaged apples (this includes maggots - perhaps drawn by the scent coming out of the holed apples). Mid-season (September) apples get more pest attacks - they ripen (sweeten) early, they are also larger (more attractive to pests). Maggots and wasps can cause severe damage. Very late-season (Mid-October onwards) apples tend to get less pest attacks because they remain small, hard and bitter until so late in the season that the pests are dying-off for the winter. Russet-type apples seem less prone to pest attack.  |
|
« Previous Thread
|
Next Thread »
| Thread Tools | |
| Display Modes | |
Linear Mode
| |
All times are GMT. The time now is 09:53 PM.
