Hi Eklipze, welcome to the Vine
As to your questions, firstly, whereabouts are you in the country? That does make a little bit of difference to the questions of what to grow now.
About your stones, really it depends on
how many there are in proportion to the amount of soil. If it's really a lot, drainage will be too good and your soil won't retain enough moisture for the plants to survive. If it's not that bad, then instead of trying to get rid of them all, you could just add a lot of soil improvers like compost or well rotted manure to the surface and gradually end up with a good depth of topsoil. You wouldn't be able to grow root crops like carrots in it though - as soon as the root hit a stone it would fork and you'd end up with very peculiar looking, impossible to peel carrots!
If you can afford it/have access to lots of wood, the quickest option to get good soil depth would be to build some raised beds & fill them with a mixture of topsoil & compost (you can buy it in bulk). If there really are so many stones that plants won't grow in it, then this might be your
only option! Otherwise, I'd take as many stones out as you come across during 'normal' cultivation, plant plants into a bigger than normal hole adding lots of compost, and mulch, mulch, mulch!
As FrancesBean says, there are lots of veg plants in the Garden Centres and B&Q right now, so anything you've not sown in time you can pick up there. But there's still time for lots of sowing; beans, squashes, courgettes, sweetcorn, winter cabbages, kale, purple sprouting broccoli, calabrese - just choose what you fancy!
For which book to get, have a look in the Grapes Recommendations section, there's a couple of threads about best books there