Your best start would be to Google search on 'container vegetable gardening' although I've never found one good website with a complete list of veggies/fruits for growing in container.

Also do similar search on Amazon and their list will give an idea of books available that you can check at your local library. I did this and borrowed one called 'Edible Container Garden' and it has list of all the vegetables/fruits at the back with summarised details (whether they are suitable for container or not, minimum container depth, soil requirement, climate etc). I'm sure there'll be other similar books, doesn't have to be the same book.

Most vegetables can be grown in pots even Brassica (cabbage, cauli, broccoli) so long they're dwarf varieties but it may be more cost effective to grow a vegetable type that gives you more crops per given space e.g. fruiting vegetables like tomatoes/peppers. Also consider the 'cut and come again' variety of leafy veg that you don't have to pull out the whole plant for eating.

Most fruit trees can be raised in pots so long they're dwarf variety which may also be referred to as miniature or patio tree (though I heard pears are not keen on container). However do check them out before buying! Most fruit bushes lend themselves well to container growing except for blackberry, loganberry, tayberry and grapes. Obviously big containers more likely for these so do check them too.

Strawberry and tomato can be grown in hanging basket with the right trailing, tumbling type. Also cranberry I think (do check). If you have no veggie bed, container growing can work out expensive by the time you buy the compost and pots so also consider grow bags. I hear some people split a grow bag into two to get two pots, useful as some veg need deeper soil depth. Hope you'll have enough info to start you off with.

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